Welding

Process Notes
Resistance
  • Pressure + current causes melting together
  • Butt, seam, spot
Oxy-Acetylene
  • Melted by oxy flame, filler metal added
  • Earliest welding
  • Can weld steel, cast iron, and some non-ferrous alloys
Electric Arc
  • Melted by electrode which acts as filler (consumed)
  • Flux used to prevent oxidation
  • Faster than oxy
MIG
  • Continuous (consumable) feed wire/electrode – faster
  • Inert gas (e.g. argon) to prevent oxidation
  • Easily automated - used extensively in manufacturing
TIG
  • Tungsten (non-consumable) electrode
  • Filler rod
  • Inert gas shield
  • Stainless steel, aluminium & titanium alloys – welds reactive metals

Microstructural Changes

  • Small equiaxed grains in centre of filler
  • Columnar grains growing outwards
  • Recrystallisation in HAZ – large equiaxed grains
  • Finer recrystallised grains at transition to the (cold-rolled) original grains